高中英语知识点:省略句
◎ 省略句的定义

省略句的概念:

在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。

◎ 省略句的知识扩展
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,
在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省略句(elliptical sentences,这种语法现象称为“省略”
(ellipsis or leaving words out。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分,但仍
能表达其完整的意义。省略形式多样,从单词、短语到分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关
系,不容臆断。
1、小品词的省略   
1)省略介词   
   He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。   
   I've studied English (for) five years. 我已学五年英语了。   
2)省略连词 that   
   I believe (that) you will succeed . 我相信你们会成功的。   
   It's a pity (that) he ' s leaving. 他要走,真遗憾。   
   I'm sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。   
注:在宾语从句中,当有两个及以上并列从句时,第一个that可省,以后的均不可省。   
3)省略关系代词   
   I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。   
   He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。   
2、句子成分的省略  
1)省略主语   
   Beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。(Beg 前省略了主语 I)   
   Take care! 保重!(Take 前省略了主语 you)   
   Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。(Looks 前省略了主语 it)   
2)省略谓语   
   Who next? 该谁了?(Who 后面省略了谓语 comes)   
   The river was deep and the ice thin. (ice 后面省略了 was)   
   We'll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。(can 后面省略了动词 do)   
3)省略表语   
   Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗? 我准备好了。(am 后面省略了 ready)   
   He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth.
   他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。(had been 后面省略了 a lover of sports)   
4)省略宾语   
   Let ' s do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干。
   (wash 和 dry 后面省略了宾语dishes)   
5)省略定语   
   He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分,其余的他都存了起来。
   (the rest 后面省略了定语of the money)  
6)省略状语   
   He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤,真奇怪!(Strange 前面省略了状语how)
3、难点释疑
1)省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份   
   What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊!   
   Pity he s failed. (= It is a pity that he ' s failed.) 很遗憾,他失败了。   
   I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。   
2)英语中有一些固定的省略结构:   
a) 在以 if, when, though, as if (好像)等连词引导的从句中,如从句中的主要动词是be ,常将主语和
   动词 be 省略。   
   If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要,我们就往家里打电报。   
   Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。   
   While cycling, don ' t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时,不要忘记看红绿灯。   
b) 由固定词组引导的疑问句:   
   What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样?   
   How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢?   
   What if it ' s raining? 如果天下雨怎么办?   
   Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢?   
c) 在口语中,为了避免重复,不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号 to 。     
   He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走,如果他愿意的话。   
   Don't go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。   
3)被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上,但有时省略结构已经定型,如果把省略部分补上,
   反而不合乎习惯。   
   He is taller than I am. 他比我高。(am 之后省略tall ,补上不合习惯)   
   No parking. 禁止停车。(告示用语 = No parking is allowed here. )   
   有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分:   
   Not at all. 不用谢。   No matter. 不要紧。   Thanks. 谢谢。
◎ 省略句的知识对比

简单句中的省略

1、省略主语:
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。
如:(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。
2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法。
如:(I)Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。 
        (It)Doesn't matter. 没关系。
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分:
如:(There is)No smoking. 禁止抽烟
        (Is there)anything else? 还有其他事吗?
        (You come)This way please. 请这边走。
        (Will you)Have a smoke? 抽烟吗?
3、省略宾语:
如:—Do you know Mr. Li? 你认识李先生吗?
        —I don't know (him.) 我不认识他
4、省略表语:
如:—Are you thirsty? 你30岁了吗? 
        —Yes, I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5、同时省略几个成分:
如:—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗?
        —(I am feeling) Much better (now) 好多了。
       (I wish)Good luck(to you). 祝你好运/祝你顺利。

◎ 省略句的知识点拨

省略句在复合句中的应用:

一、并列复合句中的省略:
并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。
如:The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman. 
        这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
        Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry. 你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
        Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been) doing her homework.
        汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。
        Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born) in 1963. 高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主从复合句中的省略:

1、状语从句中的省略:一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:
1)由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;
2)由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;
3)由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;
4)由as,than等引导的比较状语从句;
5)由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
连词(as,as if, once)+名词;
连词(though, whether, when)+形容词;
连词(whether, as if, while)+介词短语;
连词(when, while, though)+现在分词;
连词(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+过去分词;
连词(as if,as though)+不定式。
如:Once(he was) a worker, Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.
        庞龙曾经是个工人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。 
        Work hard when(you are) young, or you'll regret. 趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。 
        He looked everywhere as if(he was) in search of something. 他到处看似乎在找什么东西。 
注意
①当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。
如:Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street. 当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
②当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if, unless, when, whenever)+形容词的结构。
如:Unless(it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。

2、定语从句中的省略:
1)一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略;
如:Is this reason(that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which, whom不可以省略。
比较:Tom(whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)   你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
            Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. (whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when, where,和why经常用that来代替,甚至还可省略。
如:This is the first time(when/that) he had trouble with the boss.
这是他第一次麻烦老板。
        He wants to find a good place(where/that) we can have a picnic during the"golden week"holiday.
他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
        Could you tell us the reason(why/that) he was so unhappy?
你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?
3)当先行词为表示方式的the way时,从句不能用how来引导,应该用that或in which,或将它们全部省略。
如:I don't like the way(that/in which) you laugh at her.
我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。

3、宾语从句中的省略:
1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。
如:I think(that) the reform of the renminbi's exchangerate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
       He said(that) the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order.
他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2)由which, when, where, how, 和why引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。
如:I know that NBA star YaoMing will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city).
我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
       He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)
他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。

4、在与suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略:
如:Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should) last long in various forms.
法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

5、主句省略多用于句首:
如:(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.
很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

6、在答语中,主句可全部省略。
如:—Why were you absent from school last Friday?
        —(I was absent from school) Because my mother was ill.
        —上周五你为什么没有上学?
        —因为我妈妈病了。

◎ 省略句的知识拓展

动词不定式省略:

1、保留to的场合:
(1)不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:
love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, try, manage等。
如:—You should have thanked her before you left.
        —I meant to, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.   
        —你本该在离开前谢谢她。
        —我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。
       You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你想做,你可以这么做。
(2)不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:
ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, order, warn 等。
如:The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。
        She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to(come). 她想来,可是她父母不让。
(3)不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:
happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready 等。
如:—I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat? 
        —Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat). 
        —我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?
        —没关系,我很愿意。
(4)不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。
如:He doesn't like fish but he used to. 他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。

2、省略to的场合:

(1)主语部分有to do,系动词is或was时,作表语的不定式通常省去to。
          如:The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
(2)作介词but, expect, besides的宾语,前面又有实意动词do时,不定式通常省去to。
          如:He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-"independence"timetable.
                  他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。
(3)主语部分暗含todo,表语中的不定式通常省去to。
          如:All I want(to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。
(4)当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。
          如:It is easier to say than to do. 说起来容易,做起来难。
(5)在would rather...than...等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略。
          如:I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
(6)在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why(not)do结构中,不定式不带to。
          如:I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间。 
                 Why not join us? 为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?

◎ 省略句的教学目标
1.理解并掌握省略句的基本构成及用法。
2.会做相应的习题。
◎ 省略句的考试要求
能力要求:掌握/应用
课时要求:2
考试频率:必考
分值比重:2
◎ 省略句的所有试题