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     If you and your friends wish to share a secret, you can write it in code (编码), and no one else will be
able to read it.
     Codes are one way of writing in secret. Ciphers (暗码) are another. In a code each word is written as a
secret code word or code number. In a cipher each letter is changed. Codes and ciphers have played an
important role in the history of the world. Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler who defeated almost all the countries
in Europe about 2, 000 years ago, used a cipher when he sent secret messages to his troops. During the
American Revolution, George Washington's spies used a kind of code to send him information about the enemy
before his military (军事的) action. In World War Ⅱ, the Americans "broke", or figured out, Japan's most
important navy codes and got enough information to destroy a powerful Japanese fleet( 舰队).
     Storekeepers use codes to mark their goods. The codes show how much was paid for the goods or when
 they were added to the stock (商品). Businessmen use codes to hide plans from their business enemies.
Sometimes personal letters or diaries are written in code. Many people enjoy figuring out codes and ciphers
simply as a hobby.
     In the 16th century, codes and ciphers were very popular among scientists. They wrote messages to each
other in code so that no one else would learn their secrets. Geronimo Gardano, an Italian astrologer (星相家),
mathematician, and doctor, invented the trellis cipher. He took two sheets of paper and cut exactly the same
holes in each one. Then he sent one sheet, which he called a trellis, to a friend and kept the other for himself.
Whenever he wanted to write a message, he put his trellis over a clean sheet of paper and wrote the secret
message through the holes. Then he removed the trellis and filled the rest of the paper with words that would
make sense. When his friend received it, he put his trellis over the writing and read the secret message.

     The World Bank,the United Nations and the London School Of Hygiene and Tropica1 Medicine did a study
to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people
washed their hands with soap often. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be
among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease.
      Doctors say,many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms
(寄生虫),influenza (流行性感冒),the common cold,hepatitis (肝炎) A,meningitis ( 脑膜炎) and infectious
diarrhea.  (腹泻)
     Hand--washing destroys germs from other people,animals or objects a person has touched. When people
get bacteria on their hands,they can infect themselves by touching their eyes,nose or mouth. Then these people
can infect other people.
     The experts say the easiest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has
sneezed or coughed.Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not
clean. The experts say that hand--washing is especially important before and after preparing food,before eating
and after using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste,and after
cleaning a baby.
     The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or
coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your home is sick. The experts say
the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water.They say
you do not have to use special antibacterial soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen
seconds. The rubbing action helps remove germs. Then rinse (冲洗) the hands with water and dry them.

书面表达。
     假设你是新华中学高一（7）班的王倩，发一封e-mail给你在澳洲的笔友Anna，诉说你最近
所遇到的烦恼。
     要点如下： 1、与父母相处不好，不知道怎么办，希望得到帮助。
                        2、这几年你一直喜欢下国际象棋，投入了很多时间。然而，你父母认为你学习
                            一般，应该在学习上多花时间，提高成绩，这样才能上重点大学。 
                        3、你身体偏胖，想减肥；在你看来，苗条的女孩看起来更漂亮，也更自信；但是
                             你的父母不同意，他们认为减肥不但浪费时间和金钱，而且可能会有害身心健康。
     注意： 1、对所给要点，不要简单翻译，要有适当发挥，使全文语义连贯，并适当分段。
                 2、字数120左右。短文中已写好的部分，不计入总词数。
                 3、文章中不得提及考生所在学校及本人姓名。
                 4、参考词汇：国际象棋 chess